Gagne M, Moliva JI, Foulds KE, Andrew SF, Flynn BJ, Werner AP, Wagner DA, Teng IT, Lin BC, Moore C, et al. mRNA-1273 or mRNA-omicron increase in vaccinated macaques elicits related B cell enlargement, neutralizing responses, and safety from omicron. Cell. 2022;185(9):1556–71.
Krammer F, Ellebedy AH. Variant-adapted COVID-19 booster vaccines. Science. 2023;382(6667):157–9.
Roltgen Ok, Nielsen SCA, Silva O, Younes SF, Zaslavsky M, Costales C, Yang F, Wirz OF, Solis D, Hoh RA, et al. Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal heart response in human SARS-CoV-2 an infection and vaccination. Cell. 2022;185(6):1025–40.
Cao Y, Jian F, Wang J, Yu Y, Track W, Yisimayi A, Wang J, An R, Chen X, Zhang N, et al. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent omicron RBD evolution. Nature. 2023;614(7948):521–9.
Wang Q, Guo Y, Tam AR, Valdez R, Gordon A, Liu L, Ho DD. Deep immunological imprinting as a result of ancestral spike within the present bivalent COVID-19 vaccine. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4(11):101258.
Jiang X-L, Zhu Ok-L, Wang X-J, Wang G-L, Li Y-Ok, He X-J, Solar W-Ok, Huang P-X, Zhang J-Z, Gao H-X, et al. Omicron BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 escape neutralisation by omicron subvariant breakthrough an infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):28–30.
Hoffmann M, Behrens GMN, Arora P, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Cossmann A, Manthey L, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Pohlmann S. Impact of hybrid immunity and bivalent booster vaccination on omicron sublineage neutralisation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):25–8.
Tortorici MA, Addetia A, Search engine optimisation AJ, Brown J, Sprouse Ok, Logue J, Clark E, Franko N, Chu H, Veesler D. Persistent immune imprinting happens after vaccination with the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster in people. Immunity. 2024;29:247.
Kavishna R, Kang TY, Vacca M, Chua BYL, Park HY, Tan PS, Chow VT, Lahoud MH, Alonso S. A single-shot vaccine strategy for the common influenza A vaccine candidate M2e. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119(13):e2025607119.
Bagwe PV, Bagwe PV, Ponugoti SS, Joshi SV. Peptide-based vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2022;28(3):94.
Xu Ok, Acharya P, Kong R, Cheng C, Chuang GY, Liu Ok, Louder MK, O’Dell S, Rawi R, Sastry M, et al. Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize various strains of HIV-1. Nat Med. 2018;24(6):857–67.
Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Pica N, Ngai L, Ekiert DC, Wilson IA, Garcia-Sastre A, Moran TM, Palese P. Vaccination with an artificial peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin supplies safety towards distinct viral subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(44):18979–84.
Pleguezuelos O, James E, Fernandez A, Lopes V, Rosas LA, Cervantes-Medina A, Cleath J, Edwards Ok, Neitzey D, Gu W, et al. Efficacy of FLU-v, a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine, in a randomized part IIb human influenza problem examine. NPJ Vaccines. 2020;5(1):22.
Coleon S, Wiedemann A, Surenaud M, Lacabaratz C, Hue S, Prague M, Cervantes-Gonzalez M, Wang Z, Ellis J, Sansoni A, et al. Design, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a pan-sarbecovirus dendritic-cell focusing on vaccine. EBioMedicine. 2022;80:104062.
Heitmann JS, Bilich T, Tandler C, Nelde A, Maringer Y, Marconato M, Reusch J, Jager S, Denk M, Richter M, et al. A COVID-19 peptide vaccine for the induction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity. Nature. 2022;601(7894):617–22.
Correia BE, Bates JT, Loomis RJ, Baneyx G, Carrico C, Jardine JG, Rupert P, Correnti C, Kalyuzhniy O, Vittal V, et al. Proof of precept for epitope-focused vaccine design. Nature. 2014;507(7491):201–6.
Xu Ok, Acharya P, Kong R, Cheng C, Chuang G-Y, Liu Ok, Louder MK, O’Dell S, Rawi R, Sastry M, et al. Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize various strains of HIV-1. Nat Med. 2018;24(6):857–67.
Dealer M, Costantino P, DeTora L, McIntosh ED, Rappuoli R. Biochemical and organic traits of cross-reacting materials 197 CRM197, a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin: use as a conjugation protein in vaccines and different potential scientific functions. Biologicals. 2011;39(4):195–204.
Shinefield HR. Overview of the event and present use of CRM(197) conjugate vaccines for pediatric use. Vaccine. 2010;28(27):4335–9.
Swaminathan A, Lucas RM, Pricey Ok, McMichael AJ. Keyhole limpet haemocyanin – a mannequin antigen for human immunotoxicological research. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78(5):1135–42.
Pichichero ME. Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: traits, improvement, and scientific trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(12):2505–23.
Zuniga A, Rassek O, Vrohlings M, Marrero-Nodarse A, Moehle Ok, Robinson JA, Ghasparian A. An epitope-specific chemically outlined nanoparticle vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. NPJ Vaccines. 2021;6(1):85.
Lengthy Y, Solar J, Track TZ, Liu T, Tang F, Zhang X, Ding L, Miao Y, Zhu W, Pan X, et al. CoVac501, a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with TLR7 agonists, towards SARS-CoV-2 induces protecting immunity. Cell Discov. 2022;8(1):9.
Shapiro R, Vallee BL. Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor abolishes each angiogenic and ribonucleolytic actions of angiogenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84(8):2238–41.
Chennupati V, Veiga DF, Maslowski KM, Andina N, Tardivel A, Yu EC, Stilinovic M, Simillion C, Duchosal MA, Quadroni M, et al. Ribonuclease inhibitor 1 regulates erythropoiesis by controlling GATA1 translation. J Clin Make investments. 2018;128(4):1597–614.
Bella J, Hindle KL, McEwan PA, Lovell SC. The leucine-rich repeat construction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008;65(15):2307–33.
Cardoso RM, Zwick MB, Stanfield RL, Kunert R, Binley JM, Katinger H, Burton DR, Wilson IA. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody 4E10 acknowledges a helical conformation of a extremely conserved fusion-associated motif in gp41. Immunity. 2005;22(2):163–73.
Huang J, Ofek G, Laub L, Louder MK, Doria-Rose NA, Longo NS, Imamichi H, Bailer RT, Chakrabarti B, Sharma SK, et al. Broad and potent neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-specific human antibody. Nature. 2012;491(7424):406–12.
McLellan JS, Yang Y, Graham BS, Kwong PD. Construction of respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein within the postfusion conformation reveals preservation of neutralizing epitopes. J Virol. 2011;85(15):7788–96.
Huang Ok-YA, Chen X, Mohapatra A, Nguyen HTV, Schimanski L, Tan TK, Rijal P, Vester SK, Hills RA, Howarth M, et al. Structural foundation for a conserved neutralization epitope on the receptor-binding area of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):311.
Solar X, Yi C, Zhu Y, Ding L, Xia S, Chen X, Liu M, Gu C, Lu X, Fu Y, et al. Neutralization mechanism of a human antibody with pan-coronavirus reactivity together with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(7):1063–74.
Zhou P, Track G, Liu H, Yuan M, He WT, Beutler N, Zhu X, Tse LV, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, et al. Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies shield towards all three human betacoronaviruses that trigger lethal illness. Immunity. 2023;56(3):669-686.e667.
Halperin SA, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Smith B, Cahn PE, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Ikram A, Lanas F, Lourdes Guerrero M, Munoz Navarro SR, et al. Last efficacy evaluation, interim security evaluation, and immunogenicity of a single dose of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus sort 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: a world, multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled part 3 trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10321):237–48.
Sauer MM, Tortorici MA, Park YJ, Partitions AC, Homad L, Acton OJ, Bowen JE, Wang C, Xiong X, de van der Schueren W, et al. Structural foundation for broad coronavirus neutralization. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2021;28(6):478–86.
McLellan JS, Chen M, Leung S, Graepel KW, Du X, Yang Y, Zhou T, Baxa U, Yasuda E, Beaumont T, et al. Construction of RSV fusion glycoprotein trimer certain to a prefusion-specific neutralizing antibody. Science. 2013;340(6136):1113–7.
Pinto D, Sauer MM, Czudnochowski N, Low JS, Tortorici MA, Housley MP, Noack J, Partitions AC, Bowen JE, Guarino B, et al. Broad betacoronavirus neutralization by a stem helix-specific human antibody. Science. 2021;373(6559):1109–16.
Anne UH, Carsten M, Ginger RL, Lucia DN, Nathaniel RL. α-Complementation assay for HIV envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion. Virology. 2004;319(2):343–52.
Zhou P, Yuan M, Track G, Beutler N, Shaabani N, Huang D, He WT, Zhu X, Callaghan S, Yong P, et al. A human antibody reveals a conserved website on beta-coronavirus spike proteins and confers safety towards SARS-CoV-2 an infection. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637):9215.
Ou L, Kong W-P, Chuang G-Y, Ghosh M, Gulla Ok, O’Dell S, Varriale J, Barefoot N, Changela A, Chao CW, et al. Preclinical improvement of a fusion peptide conjugate as an HIV vaccine immunogen. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3032.
Takano T, Sato T, Kotaki R, Moriyama S, Fukushi S, Shinoda M, Kabasawa Ok, Shimada N, Kousaka M, Adachi Y, et al. Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike protein booster elicits sturdy and broad antibody responses towards the receptor-binding area. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1451.
Feikin DR, Higdon MM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Andrews N, Araos R, Goldberg Y, Groome MJ, Huppert A, O’Brien KL, Smith PG, et al. Period of effectiveness of vaccines towards SARS-CoV-2 an infection and COVID-19 illness: outcomes of a scientific overview and meta-regression. Lancet. 2022;399(10328):924–44.
Devi YD, Goswami HB, Konwar S, Doley C, Dolley A, Devi A, Chongtham C, Dowerah D, Biswa V, Jamir L, et al. Immunoinformatics mapping of potential epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(11):e0258645.
Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Toffa S, Rickeard T, Gallagher E, Gower C, Kall M, Groves N, O’Connell AM, et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness towards the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(16):1532–46.
Lassauniere R, Polacek C, Utko M, Sorensen KM, Baig S, Ellegaard Ok, Escobar-Herrera LA, Fomsgaard A, Spiess Ok, Gunalan V, et al. Virus isolation and neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.2.86 and EG.5.1. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(12):e509-10.
Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(1):3–20.
Samuel AT, Alexander M, Vanessa R, Thorsten JM, Egbert F, Klaus C, Christian JB. Quantitative assays reveal cell fusion at minimal ranges of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and fusion from with out. iScience. 2021;24(3):102170.
Wang H, Jain S, Li P, Lin JX, Oh J, Qi C, Gao Y, Solar J, Sakai T, Naghashfar Z, et al. Transcription elements IRF8 and PU.1 are required for follicular B cell improvement and BCL6-driven germinal heart responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(19):9511–20.
Yisimayi A, Track W, Wang J, Jian F, Yu Y, Chen X, Xu Y, Yang S, Niu X, Xiao T, et al. Repeated omicron exposures override ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immune imprinting. Nature. 2023;23:278.
Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol. 2023;8(11):1971–85.
Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Deming ME, Jackson LA, Branche AR, El Sahly HM, Rostad CA, Martin JM, Johnston C, Rupp RE, et al. Homologous and heterologous Covid-19 booster vaccinations. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(11):1046–57.
Costa Clemens SA, Weckx L, Clemens R, Almeida Mendes AV, Ramos Souza A, Silveira MBV, da Guarda SNF, de Nobrega MM, de Moraes Pinto MI, Gonzalez IGS, et al. Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in earlier recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): a part 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised examine. Lancet. 2022;399(10324):521–9.
Jara A, Undurraga EA, Zubizarreta JR, Gonzalez C, Pizarro A, Acevedo J, Leo Ok, Paredes F, Bralic T, Vergara V, et al. Effectiveness of homologous and heterologous booster doses for an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a large-scale potential cohort examine. Lancet Glob Well being. 2022;10(6):e798–806.
Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Influence of respiratory syncytial virus an infection on host features: implications for antiviral methods. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(4):1527–94.
Munro APS, Janani L, Cornelius V, Aley PK, Babbage G, Baxter D, Bula M, Cathie Ok, Chatterjee Ok, Dodd Ok, et al. Security and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a 3rd dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 within the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, managed, part 2 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10318):2258–76.
Bobrovitz N, Ware H, Ma X, Li Z, Hosseini R, Cao C, Selemon A, Whelan M, Premji Z, Issa H, et al. Protecting effectiveness of earlier SARS-CoV-2 an infection and hybrid immunity towards the omicron variant and extreme illness: a scientific overview and meta-regression. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(5):556–67.
McLellan JS, Correia BE, Chen M, Yang Y, Graham BS, Schief WR, Kwong PD. Design and characterization of epitope-scaffold immunogens that current the motavizumab epitope from respiratory syncytial virus. J Mol Biol. 2011;409(5):853–66.
Kapingidza AB, Marston DJ, Harris C, Wrapp D, Winters Ok, Mielke D, Xiaozhi L, Yin Q, Foulger A, Parks R, et al. Engineered immunogens to elicit antibodies towards conserved coronavirus epitopes. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7897.
Sesterhenn F, Yang C, Bonet J, Cramer JT, Wen X, Wang Y, Chiang CI, Abriata LA, Kucharska I, Castoro G, et al. De novo protein design permits the exact induction of RSV-neutralizing antibodies. Science. 2020;368(6492):eaay5051.
Ramisch S, Weininger U, Martinsson J, Akke M, Andre I. Computational design of a leucine-rich repeat protein with a predefined geometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(50):17875–80.
Enkhbayar P, Kamiya M, Osaki M, Matsumoto T, Matsushima N. Structural rules of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Proteins. 2004;54(3):394–403.
Jiang H, Jude KM, Wu Ok, Fallas J, Ueda G, Brunette TJ, Hicks DR, Pyles H, Yang A, Carter L, et al. De novo design of buttressed loops for sculpting protein features. Nat Chem Biol. 2024;20(8):974–80.
Vazquez Torres S, Leung PJY, Venkatesh P, Lutz ID, Hink F, Huynh HH, Becker J, Yeh AH, Juergens D, Bennett NR, et al. De novo design of high-affinity binders of bioactive helical peptides. Nature. 2024;626(7998):435–42.
Dolan J, Walshe Ok, Alsbury S, Hokamp Ok, O’Keeffe S, Okafuji T, Miller SF, Tear G, Mitchell KJ. The extracellular leucine-rich repeat superfamily; a comparative survey and evaluation of evolutionary relationships and expression patterns. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:320.
Kato Y, Abbott RK, Freeman BL, Haupt S, Groschel B, Silva M, Menis S, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. Multifaceted results of antigen valency on B cell response composition and differentiation in vivo. Immunity. 2020;53(3):548–63.
Schafer A, Muecksch F, Lorenzi JCC, Leist SR, Cipolla M, Bournazos S, Schmidt F, Maison RM, Gazumyan A, Martinez DR, et al. Antibody efficiency, effector perform, and combos in safety and remedy for SARS-CoV-2 an infection in vivo. J Exp Med. 2021;218(3):e20201993.