Publication quantity in several fields of hydrogel
In keeping with the whole variety of articles revealed, the 12 months 2010 was a “watershed” for hydrogel to be paid consideration to and studied in numerous fields, evidenced by a major improve in associated article publications post-2010. For the reason that time period “hydrogel” was launched, it has advanced via three iterations. In 2010, good hydrogels had been developed to customise properties, similar to mechanical stability and launch kinetics (the fourth era) [32], to satisfy the wants of challenges in numerous fields. For instance, Wang ZC et al. ready a thiol and vinyl-modified poly (N—isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm)- primarily based copolymer by Michael-Sort Addition Response. This temperature-sensitive polymer addresses the necessities of medicine that should be quickly launched to realize an efficient focus and alleviate signs promptly [33]. Schuurman W et al. constructed dwelling grafts with customizable mechanical properties via inflexible polymer (PCL) and hydrogel (alginate) loaded with cells. This affords an efficient answer to the difficulty of restricted mechanical power in hydrogels used as “bio-ink” for bio-printing [34]. This customizable function could result in hydrogel being extensively utilized by researchers. Hydrogel has extra publication outputs in supplies science, chemistry, polymer science, and engineering. This phenomenon is decided by its materials traits, polymerization precept, and software standing (Fig. 2).
Publication quantity in every analysis discipline
The evolution and present state of hydrogel analysis
Relating to clustering analysis, the clustering outcomes throughout all teams inside every discipline (“whole literature group”, “20–24 group” and “District 1 group”) have important modularity and contour scores (Supplementary Fig. 2), affirming their excessive reliability as clusters. The phrases in every cluster are proven in Supplementary Desk 1. As well as, we summarized the highest 10 generally cited references of every analysis discipline (Supplementary Desk 2), and the node info of the reference co-citation community was proven in Supplementary Desk 3. When analyzing quotation burstness, we targeted on articles with excessive burstness depth and burstness time lasting till just lately (Supplementary Fig. 3). Literature inside the three teams in a single discipline, with robust burstness depth and lasting till just lately, was merged into Supplementary Desk 4. For instance, within the discipline of supplies science, Liang YP et al. summarized the appliance state of hydrogel in wound therapeutic and Liang YQ et al. reported an antibacterial adhesive hydrogel crossed by dual-dynamic-bond [12, 35], their articles have robust burstness depth and burstness time lasting till just lately. This will likely characterize the analysis scorching spots of hydrogel.
Supplies science
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2006 to 2021, together with 49 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #1 (conductive hydrogel), #2 (3D bioprinting), #3 (wound therapeutic), #4 (excessive toughness), #5 (adhesive hydrogel), and #7 (4d printing) (Fig. 3).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2006–2011”, “2012–2017” and “2018–2021”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases of hydrogel in wound therapeutic, drug supply, cell encapsulation (similar to mesenchymal stem cells), bio-printing, tissue engineering, and capacitors had been extremely weighted between 2006 and 2011. From 2012 to 2017, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to tender robots and environmental functions have elevated. From 2018 to 2021, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic (similar to diabetic wound therapeutic and contaminated wound therapeutic), generator, sensor, and environmental software additional elevated.
The turning level literature was decided by betweenness centrality and quotation burstness. Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Hong S et al. developed a hydrogel system primarily based on polyethylene glycol and sodium alginate in 2015 [36]. This hydrogel system with nano-clay added has the traits of 3D printing. Wang ZW et al. in 2018, developed a super-tough conductive hydrogel primarily based on polyaniline and poly (acrylamide -co- hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for pressure sensors and arrays [37]. Annabi N et al. developed a extremely elastic conductive hydrogel of recombinant human tropoelastin and graphene oxide nanoparticles substituted by methacryloyl in 2015 [38].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in supplies science. Be aware: Within the co-cited reference community of every analysis discipline (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12), clusters are visualized. (1) The clusters are ranked by their IDs (“#0, #1, #2, and many others.“), with smaller numbers indicating bigger cluster sizes and extra important co-citation relationships. (2) Arrows point out dependencies between clusters. (3) The dimensions of every node (article) is straight proportional to its co-citation frequency
Chemistry
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 1989 to 2021, together with 50 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (pressure sensor), #2 (wound therapeutic), #4 (3D printing), #5 (supramolecular gel), #8 (hydrogel actuator), #9 (hydrogel electrolyte), and #16 (photo voltaic water purification) (Fig. 4).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“1989–2000”, “2001–2011” and “2012–2021”) are divided and analyzed. We discovered that the phrases associated to the design of the hydrogel system and the traits of hydrogel within the interval of 1989–2000 had larger weight. From 2001 to 2011, in contrast with ten years in the past, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to hydrogel system design, hydrogel traits, drug supply, and digital merchandise (capacitors) elevated. From 2012 to 2021, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic (similar to diabetic wound therapeutic and contaminated wound therapeutic), bioprinting, tissue engineering, and surroundings (photo voltaic vitality utilization and methylene blue adsorption) have additional elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Solar Z et al. developed a hydrogel system primarily based on chitosan-silver ion speedy complexation in 2015, which has a multi-stimulus response and plasticity [39]. In 2009, Zhao F et al. reported self-assembly to rework therapeutic brokers into hydrogel [40]. Trinh T et al. developed DNA-imprinted polymer nanoparticles in 2018, that are polymer particles with managed valence and recognition motifs related in a directional means [41].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in chemistry
Polymer science
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 1991 to 2021, together with 44 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (wound therapeutic), #1 (pressure sensor), #3 (methylene blue, #4 (host-guest interplay), and #7 (3D printing) (Fig. 5).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“1991–2000”, “2001–2010” and “2011–2021”) are divided and analyzed. Between 1991 and 2000, key phrases associated to hydrogel system design (terpyridine oligomer and photo-reversible chain extension) and hydrogel traits (pH-sensitive polymers and mechanical properties) had been extremely emphasised. From 2001 to 2010, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to drug supply, hydrogel system design (similar to block copolymer, bioorthogonal click on chemistry, and entrance polymerization), and hydrogel traits (similar to temperature-sensitive hydrogel, swelling habits, and tremendous water absorption) elevated. From 2011 to 2021, in contrast with the earlier 10 years, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic, bioprinting, tissue engineering, sensors, and surroundings (methylene blue adsorption) additional elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Annabi N et al. reviewed the design and software of hydrogel in regenerative drugs in 2014 [42]. Wei Z et al. summarized the technique of self-healing gel combine primarily based on composition dynamic chemistry in 2014 [43]. Zhao X et al. reviewed the interior mechanism of powerful hydrogel and constructed a matrix combining numerous mechanisms in 2014 [44].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in polymer science
Engineering
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2005 to 2021, together with 46 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #2 (wound therapeutic), #4 (pressure sensor), #8 (environment friendly solar-driven water purification), #9 (versatile sensor), and #11 (granular hydrogel) (Fig. 6).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2005–2011”, “2012–2017” and “2018–2021”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to wound restore, cell encapsulation, bioprinting, and tissue engineering had a better weight from 2005 to 2011. In 2012–2017, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to the surroundings (similar to dye adsorption and soil consistency) elevated. In 2018–2021, in contrast with earlier years, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound restore, bioprinting, tissue engineering, sensors, and surroundings (similar to photo voltaic vitality utilization) have been additional improved.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Wu Y et al. designed a 3D hybrid scaffold utilizing polycaprolactone, fibroin, and carbon nanotubes to imitate the pure construction of coronary heart tissue. This composite scaffold holds important potential for engineering 3D cardiac anisotropy [45]. In 2015, Okay. Yue et al. revealed an summary of the synthesis, properties, and biomedical functions of gelatin meth acryloyl hydrogel [46]. Cristina C et al. developed a brand new bio-ink utilizing alginate and GelMA, introducing an revolutionary bio-printing paradigm. This integration may advance the creation of recent biomimetic heterogenous for regenerative drugs and drug supply [47].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in engineering
Physics
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2006 to 2021, together with 46 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (conductive hydrogel), #2 (wound therapeutic), #10 (harvesting hydrogel), #12 (3D printing), and #14 (zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte) (Fig. 7).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2006–2011”, “2012–2016” and “2017–2021”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to cell packaging and capacitors have a better weight within the interval of 2005–2010. From 2012 to 2016, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic, drug supply, bioprinting, capacitors, and actuators elevated. Between 2018 and 2021, phrases associated to mills, sensors, and the surroundings (similar to atmospheric water assortment and photo voltaic water purification) elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. In 2014, Zhao X summarized the interior mechanism of varied powerful hydrogels and proposed that powerful hydrogel often has the traits of dissipating a variety of mechanical vitality, however nonetheless has excessive elasticity [44]. Zhang HJ et al. proposed a tricky dual-network hydrogel primarily based on amphiphilic triblock copolymer in 2016 [48]. Aida T et al. outlined the formation mechanism and software of practical supramolecular polymers and proposed that combining supramolecular and inorganic structural supplies has nice potential in 2012 [49].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in physics
Biochemistry molecular biology
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 1995 to 2022, together with 46 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (wound therapeutic), #5 (3D printing), #8 (pressure sensor), and #9 (cancerous media) (Fig. 8).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“1995–2004”, “2005–2013” and “2014–2022”) are divided and analyzed. Through the interval from 1995 to 2004, the phrases associated to wound therapeutic, hydrogel matrix system, and hydrogel traits had larger weight. From 2005 to 2013, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to hydrogel matrix system and traits, in addition to phrases associated to wound therapeutic and cell service elevated. Between 2014 and 2022, the weights of phrases associated to drug launch, bioprinting, tissue engineering, and sensors elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. In 2015, Zhao X et al. designed a hydrogel system of quaternate chitosan-graft-polyaniline/dextran oxide, which has antibacterial, conductive, and injectable properties and is utilized in tissue engineering [50]. In 2016, Dong R et al. designed a hydrogel system primarily based on chitosan-grafted aniline tetramer and diphenyl aldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol which has self-healing, conductivity, and injectability, and is used as a cell supply service for myocardial infarction [51]. In 2014, Jiang Y et al. reviewed the newest progress of click on hydrogel, microgels, and nanogels in biomedical functions [52].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in biochemistry molecular biology
Pharmacology pharmacy
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 1997 to 2021, together with 48 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (latest development), #5 (situ gel), #6 (cross-linkingpolymerization), and #10 (hydrogel-forming microneedle array) (Fig. 9).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“1997–2008”, “2009–2014” and “2015–2021”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to drug supply and pharmaceutical analysis (such because the usp-iv dissolution pool) had larger weight between 1997 and 2008. From 2009 to 2014, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to drug supply (similar to insulin supply and ophthalmic administration) elevated. From 2015 to 2021, the load of phrases associated to wound therapeutic, cell packaging, and bioprinting elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Hoffman A S revealed a abstract of the biomedical software of hydrogel in 2012. He launched intimately all types of hydrophilic polymers that make up hydrogel matrix, the strategies of integrating hydrogel, and the properties associated to the appliance of hydrogel in tissue engineering [53]. Caló E et al. revealed a evaluation on the appliance of hydrogel involved lenses, wound dressings, drug supply methods, tissue engineering, and hygiene merchandise in 2014 [54]. Hao J et al. reported the appliance of strong lipid nanoparticles in ophthalmic drug supply primarily based on poloxamer hydrogel in 2014 [55].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in pharmacology pharmacy
Cell biology
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2006 to 2021, together with 44 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger sizes embody #4 (cell-derived exosome) and #5 (methacrylate-based hydrogel) (Fig. 10).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2006–2011”, “2012–2017” and “2018–2021”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to cell packaging (similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and injectable extracellular matrix hydrogel), bioprinting, and tissue engineering had larger weight from 2006 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2016 and 2017–2021, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to cell packaging, bioprinting, and tissue engineering (similar to osteochondral restore) elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. In 2010, Huebsch N et al. reported that the differentiation course of mesenchymal stem cell inhabitants could be modified with the rigidity of the three-dimensional microenvironment (osteogenesis primarily happens at 11–30 kPa) and proposed that cell destiny had nothing to do with morphology [56]. In 2014, Murphy S V et al. reviewed the appliance of 3D bioprinting in tissue and organ engineering and mentioned the restrictions of the expertise at the moment and the challenges of future analysis [57]. In 2016, Kang H W et al. launched an built-in tissue and organ printer, which may manufacture secure and human-scale tissue constructions of any form [58].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in cell biology
Biotechnology utilized microbiology
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2006 to 2022, together with 41 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (wound restore), #3 (3D bioprinting), #4 (intervertebral disc degeneration), and #14 (transmission) (Fig. 11).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2006–2011”, “2012–2017” and “2018–2022”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to drug supply (similar to fibrin channel), cell packaging, and tissue engineering had a better weight from 2006 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2017, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to drug supply, cell packaging, and tissue engineering (similar to in-glass hydrogel gadgets) elevated. From 2018 to 2022, in contrast with earlier years, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic have elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. In 2015, Yue Okay et al. revealed an summary of the synthesis, properties, and biomedical functions of gelatin meth acryloyl hydrogel [46]. In 2014, Bertassoni L E et al. reported that the three-dimensional micro forming expertise, which may manufacture microchannel networks with numerous structural options, has the potential to be utilized to vascularized tissue engineering [59]. In 2014, Kolesky D B et al. reported a bioprinting methodology that may manufacture 3D tissue of vascular system-cell-extracellular matrix [60].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in biotechnology utilized microbiology
Science expertise different matters
The vary of slicing of the whole literature group is from 2005 to 2021, together with 48 completely different clusters. Not too long ago clusters with bigger dimension embody #0 (pressure sensor), #3 (wound therapeutic), #6 (numerous floor), #9 (neural sign), #10 (fatigue-resistant hydrogel), and #14 (granular hydrogel) (Fig. 11).
In keeping with cluster info, three time durations (“2005–2010”, “2011–2017” and “2018–2022”) are divided and analyzed. The phrases associated to drug supply, cell packaging, and tissue engineering had larger weight between 2005 and 2010. From 2011 to 2017, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound therapeutic, bioprinting, capacitor, robotic, and DNA hydrogel elevated. From 2018 to 2021, in contrast with earlier years, the quantity and weight of phrases associated to wound restore, organic stent (microporous annealed particle stent), generator, sensor, and surroundings (photo voltaic vitality utilization) have additional elevated.
Primarily based on node info, the highest three turning level paperwork had been obtained. Shin S R et al. designed a coronary heart patch primarily based on photo-crosslinked gelatin methacrylate hydrogel doped with carbon nanotubes in 2013 [61]. Slaughter B V et al. summarized the appliance of hydrogel in regenerative drugs in 2009 [62]. Keplinger C et al. designed an ionic conductor with excessive extensibility and transparency in 2013 [63].
The reference co-citation community of whole literature group in science expertise different matters
Key phrases associated to hydrogel scorching spots
The clusters and node info (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) within the key phrases co-occurrence community had been extracted and analyzed. The knowledge on hydrogel offered by the key phrases co-occurrence community is in keeping with that derived from the reference co-citation community. Moreover, we analyzed the burstness of key phrases primarily based on the key phrase co-occurrence community.
In burstness evaluation, we ranked the key phrases primarily based on burst depth and burst time respectively. The key phrases exhibiting important burst depth in every discipline are displayed in Supplementary Fig. 4. The key phrases with robust burstness depth and lasting till just lately in multi-fields embody “wound therapeutic”, “3D printing”, “antibacterial”, “pressure”, “adhesive”, “powerful”, “pressure sensor”, and “irritation”. These key phrases could relate to hydrogel scorching spots.
Authors with excessive affect
The creator co-citation community and co-authorship community had been constructed by Citespace. The co-citation community and co-authorship community confirmed apparent modularity (Supplementary Figs. 5, 6). In keeping with the evaluation of cluster info and community node info, the highest 5 authors for his or her contribution or affect on the appliance of hydrogel in a sure facet are proven in Supplementary Desk 7. For instance, within the discipline of supplies science, the highest 5 authors for his or her contribution or affect on organic printing (based on the co-authorship community) are Khademhosseini A, Zhang YS, Liu H, Reis RL, and Dokmeci M R.
Apart from, the analysis indicators associated to the creator, primarily embody the quotation quantity, publication quantity, G index, and H index. VOSviewer was used to assemble the co-authorship community (Supplementary Fig. 7). We extracted and analyzed the knowledge on community nodes (Supplementary Desk 8). In a selected area, authors had been distinguished primarily based on a dual-ranking criterion: quantity of publications and quantity of citations, yielding a top-ten listing. Notably, a number of students achieved top-ten standing throughout a number of fields, amongst whom are Khademhosseini A, Burdick J A, Guo BL, Yu GH, Wang W, Mooney DJ, Gong JP, Kurokawa T, Zhao YJ, Cui WG, Zhang W, Jiang L, Kaplan DL, Reis RL, and Liu Y. (Fig. 13A). Equally, the highest ten authors inside every particular discipline had been recognized primarily based on their H index and G index. A number of authors constantly ranked among the many prime ten throughout a number of fields, notably Khademhosseini A, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang L, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Reis RL, Liu Y, Li J, Li Y, and Wang J. (Fig. 13B)
(A) The 15 authors’ publication and quotation quantity in every analysis discipline. (B) The 14 authors’ G index and H index in every analysis discipline
Publication quantity and main journals
The journal co-citation community (Supplementary Fig. 8) was constructed utilizing VOSviewer, and data on the community nodes is offered in Supplementary Desk 9. The variety of revealed articles per 12 months was calculated via the Bibliomysurf R bundle (Supplementary Fig. 9). As well as, the publication quantity, quotation quantity, and affect issue had been used as journal analysis indicators. The highest 20 journals throughout all analysis fields had been chosen primarily based on quotation quantity (Fig. 13 and 14). The highest 5 journals are ACS Utilized Supplies & Interfaces, Biomaterials, Carbohydrate Polymers, Superior Supplies, and Superior Useful Supplies.
The highest 20 journals in all analysis fields chosen by the variety of citations
